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Bertsolaritza: Improvisational Basque verse

The BERTSOLARI is the artist in Basque society who is capable of improvising Basque verse on any subject spontaneously and setting it to music.  Such a sung piece of composition is called a bertso, the person who sings it is called a bertsolari and the art of composing bertsos is called bertsolaritza.

Jesus Goni, Martin Goicoechea, Johnny Curutchet &  Jesus Arriada
National Endowment For The Arts Announces the 2003 Recipients of the Nation's Highest Honor in the Folk and Traditional Arts

Bertsolaritza Overview

Excerpt from Joxe Mallea-Olaetxe's Shooting From the Lip: Improvised Basque-Verse Singing.

Traditionally, the bertsolari has been regarded as the most Basque among the Basques for his/her art is inextricably linked to the language, and it has never been any other way.

When it comes to the language, the bertsolari is the ultimate authority.  H/she may not have a university degree, but there is no grammarian, linguist, or writer who know the intricacies of the Basque language like him/her.  More precisely, the bertsolari knows the Basque soul better than anyone else and can reach the Basque mind with a straight shot.

In the past the bertsolari figure was intimately tied to the Basque peasant people, the baserritarrak (the backcountry villagers) or laboriak, the farmers. [Whereas today its stronghold is in the urban areas.]  If Basques lacked the written variety of literature, not so the oral, which is comparable to any other in Europe in quality and quantity. 

A bertso is the exact opposite of the painstakingly though-out and rehearsed thirty-second media ads we watch everyday on TV.  It is also quite unlike poetry written on a piece of paper.  Like life itself, they are a "one-try" art with no second chance.

Because improvising poets must do their work in a hurry, they cannot be bothered by all the grammar rules, which are often broken.  Bertsolariak know when to break or bend grammar rules, and when not to.  However, even they must abide by some basic rules by which the art is judged.  For example, a) they must adhere to rhythm, b) the poetry must rhyme--usually the even lines--and c) this must be done in song.

The predicament of bertsolariak is not enviable.  First, they must stand in front of an eager public, who at the same time is also their judge.  One thing they cannot afford is to be nervous or uptight.  Their greatest asset, therefore, consists in being plaza gizona (a man who is comfortable in public).

No one knows when the bertsolari art originated.  In the old days, it was thought that one is born a bertsolari.  You cannot learn this trade, they said.  But in the last decades that theory has been disproved; women, young people, and even children in Euskal Herria improvise poetry now. 

Music. There are scores of possible tunes which can be used for singing a bertso, stemming from traditional songs that once caught on and embedded themselves in folk culture. They are all, however, unaccompanied.  To listen to some of these tunes click on http://www.bertsolari.net/default.cfm?atala=doinuak2

A bertso consists of two main components:  the spontaneous verse and the melody to which it is sung. The famous modern-day bertsolari Xabier Amuriza (at right) defined it in a bertso as:

Related Links:

Bertsozale website
Oral Tradition Special Basque Issue
Bertsolari - Wikipedia>
Bertsolari Aldizkaria
Bertsulari.com
Bertsoa.com
Bertso Jaialdia (SF 2010)
Basque Scientists Want to Know What Makes Bertsolaris Tick